Typically they are removed in a series of Alternatively to the pyrometallurgical processes, very pure lead can be obtained by processing smelted lead electrolytically using the If the input is rich in lead, as much as 80% of the original lead can be obtained as bullion; the remaining 20% forms a slag rich in lead monoxide. Lead, a soft, silvery white or grayish metal in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. Even strong Lead dihalides are well-characterized; this includes the diastatideFew inorganic lead(IV) compounds are known. The United Kingdom introduced mandatory factory inspections in 1878 and appointed the first Medical Inspector of Factories in 1898; as a result, a 25-fold decrease in lead poisoning incidents from 1900 to 1944 was reported.The last major human exposure to lead was the addition of tetraethyllead to gasoline as an In the 1970s, the United States and Western European countries introduced legislation to reduce lead air pollution.As of 2014, production of lead is increasing worldwide due to its use in lead–acid batteries.The primary and secondary lead production processes are similar.

207.2. In the past, lead was used often in products such as house paint, pesticides (chemicals that kill pests), and gasoline.

By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. No elements with odd atomic numbers have more than two stable isotopes; even-numbered elements have multiple stable isotopes, with tin (element 50) having the highest number of isotopes of all elements, ten.Abundances in the source are listed relative to silicon rather than in per-particle notation. The Romans used it for tablets, water pipes, coins, and even cooking utensils; indeed, as a result of the last use, On a weight basis, lead has nearly the same abundance in Although lead is not abundant, natural concentration processes have resulted in substantial deposits of commercial significance, particularly in the United States but also in Canada, Lead may be extracted by roasting the ore and then Only a single crystalline modification, with a close-packed metallic lattice, is known. Alternatively, as the applied dry paint deteriorates, it peels, is pulverized into dust and then enters the body through hand-to-mouth contact or contaminated food, water, or alcohol. Given adequate techniques, lead obtained via secondary processes is indistinguishable from lead obtained via primary processes. Typically they are removed in a series of Alternatively to the pyrometallurgical processes, very pure lead can be obtained by processing smelted lead electrolytically using the If the input is rich in lead, as much as 80% of the original lead can be obtained as bullion; the remaining 20% forms a slag rich in lead monoxide. In the United States, environmental regulations reduced or eliminated the use of lead in non-battery products, including gasoline, paints, solders, and water systems. Atmospheric emissions of lead were at their peak during the Industrial Revolution, and the leaded gasoline period in the second half of the twentieth century. Mechanisms of harm were better understood, lead blindness was documented, and the element was phased out of public use in the United States and Europe. A soft, ductile, heavy, bluish-gray metallic element that is extracted chiefly from galena.

Atmospheric emissions of lead were at their peak during the Industrial Revolution, and the leaded gasoline period in the second half of the twentieth century. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeijaCoplenBerglundBrand2016 ( Secondary lead production is therefore cheaper, in terms of energy requirements, than is primary production, often by 50% or more.Most lead ores contain a low percentage of lead (rich ores have a typical content of 3–8%) which must be concentrated for extraction.There are two main ways of doing this: a two-stage process involving roasting followed by blast furnace extraction, carried out in separate vessels; or a direct process in which the extraction of the concentrate occurs in a single vessel.

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Lead is an Anglo-Saxon word for the metal that has been used and known about since ancient times. It is used as Lead has many uses in the construction industry; lead sheets are used as Lead's high density, atomic number, and formability form the basis for use of lead as a barrier that absorbs sound, vibration, and radiation.The largest use of lead in the early 21st century is in lead–acid batteries. A. It is very durable and resistant to corrosion and is a poor conductor of electricity. Significant deposits are located in Australia, China, Ireland, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Russia, and the United States.

science definition: 1.
They are only formed in highly oxidizing solutions and do not normally exist under standard conditions.Some lead compounds exist in formal oxidation states other than +4 or +2. For other uses, see This metal was by far the most used material in classical antiquity, and it is appropriate to refer to the (Roman) Lead Age. Led definition, simple past tense and past participle of lead1. Lead-based coloring agents are used in Lead has no confirmed biological role, and there is no confirmed safe level of lead exposure.Lead is a highly poisonous metal (whether inhaled or swallowed), affecting almost every organ and system in the human body.Lead can cause severe damage to the brain and kidneys and, ultimately, death.

Lead shows two main oxidation states: +4 and +2. Selected lead compounds are subjected to additional screenings. Lead was called "plumbum nigrum" for black lead and tin was called "plumbum album" for white lead.


When lead combines with other chemical elements, it creates compounds, or chemical mixtures. a direct source is chewing on old painted window sills. Scrap lead from the building trade is usually fairly clean and is re-melted without the need for smelting, though refining is sometimes needed.

and unfortunately the fetus is very sensitive and absorbs the lead from the mother body. Lead.